What happened in these years?
1855 Thomas Cook's first continental tour. He personally conducts two parties from Harwich to Antwerp, then on to Brussels, Cologne, Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Strasbourg and, finally, to Paris for the International Exhibition.
1874 Cook's Circular Note, an early form of the travelers cheque, is launched in New York.
1898 Kaiser Wilhelm II's tour of the Holy Land is organised by John Mason Cook and his son Frank.
1908 Thomas Cook & Son issues its first winter sports brochure.
Arts and Crafts:
Arts and Crafts ideals developed in a number of regions, including Russia, Scandinavia, Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Although in a lot of these places people had got fed up of machines as they had taken the craft out of art and crafts
William Morris (1834-1896)was one artist and poet who believed that people had taken the skill out of creating art. He thought industrial production was making us less creative and although he didn't reject the machine he just wished it to be mastered. His company Morris, Marshall and Faulkner gave everything a homeowner needed from wallpaper to furniture. In this he liked to show the craftsmanship in the products to bring back the craft in arts and crafts.
Also in 1903 Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser founded the Wiener Werkstätte. Modelling it on C.R. Ashbee's Guild of Handicraft, which Hoffmann had visited,they set out to improve domestic design and promote a closer relationship between the patron, designer and maker.
Art Styles :
Post impressionism (1885-1910) - A soft revolt against impressionism. Artists such as Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Seurat.
Fauvism and expressionism (1900-1935) - Harsh colors and flat surfaces (Fauvism). Emotion distorting form ( Expressionism).
Cubism, futurism, Suprematism, Constructivism and De Stijl (1905-1920) - Pre and post World War 1 art experiments: new forms to express modern life.
